Cinnamon for Gas and Flatulence: Does It Work?
Does Cinnamon (Tvak, Dalchini) help with gas and flatulence? Yes, particularly for the cold, sluggish, gas-and-bloat pattern of slow digestion that most chronic gas patients carry. The Bhavaprakash Nighantu classifies Tvak as both Deepana (kindles appetite) and Pachana (digests Ama, the undigested residue that drives fermentation), and adds Shoolahara (relieves abdominal pain) to its action list. The classical encyclopedia tradition lists cinnamon among carminative, aromatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic herbs, and explicitly names "gas", "indigestion", and "absorption" among its primary uses.
The Ayurvedic reasoning is direct. Gas in classical terms is Apana Vata trapped over weak Agni, with undigested food residue (Ama) fermenting in the gut and producing the distension, belching, and trapped wind that define Adhmana. Cinnamon's pungent, sweet, and astringent taste (Katu-Madhu-Kashaya Rasa), hot potency (Ushna Virya), and pungent post-digestive effect (Katu Vipaka) push directly against that picture. The Bhavaprakash further names it Vatakaphaghna, pacifying both Vata and Kapha, the exact dual-dosha brief that chronic gas requires. Modern phytochemistry identifies cinnamaldehyde as the dominant active, with documented carminative and smooth-muscle-relaxing activity that aligns with the classical Shoolahara claim.
Cinnamon is the lead spice for the Vata-Kapha gas picture with cold abdomen, distension, undigested food in stool, and gas that builds on top of weak digestion. It regulates Samana Vayu, the digestive sub-dosha of Vata, which makes it especially fitting for Vishtabdhajeerna (Vata-type indigestion with gas, distension, and abdominal pain) and a strong supporting herb for Amajeerna (Kapha-type with heaviness, mucusy belch, and sluggish appetite). One critical caveat before starting: most American grocery-store "cinnamon" is actually cassia, not the true Tvak of Ayurveda. Classical Tvak is Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum / zeylanicum), with roughly 250 times less coumarin and far safer for repeated medicinal use.
How Cinnamon Helps with Gas and Flatulence
Gas in Ayurveda is fed by a chain of weak digestion, Ama production, and obstructed Apana Vata. Cinnamon acts on this picture through three overlapping mechanisms, two classical and one modern, each addressing a distinct layer.
Deepana-Pachana on a weak Agni
The Bhavaprakash Nighantu classifies Tvak as both Deepana (kindles appetite) and Pachana (digests Ama). For gas, this matters because chronic gas is, in classical terms, a downstream signal of food sitting too long in the gut and fermenting. Pungent and astringent taste, hot potency, and pungent post-digestive effect together restart a stalled digestion. Unlike the immediate-relief carminatives that move existing gas, cinnamon's primary value is one layer upstream, it reduces the rate at which fresh gas is produced from the next meal. The herb regulates Samana Vayu, the digestive sub-dosha of Vata, which is the precise Vata station that Vishtabdhajeerna (Vata-type indigestion with gas and distension) disturbs.
Shoolahara: antispasmodic and carminative
The classical action list adds Shoolahara, the relief of abdominal pain, alongside Hridya (cardiotonic). For the gas patient, the Shoolahara action is what moves the trapped wind that is causing cramping and pressure. Cinnamon also pacifies both Vata and Kapha (Vatakaphaghna): the Vatahara component calms the erratic Apana Vata behind cramping and gurgling, the Kaphahara component dries the sticky residue that lets food sit and ferment. Pungent, sweet, and astringent taste combined with hot potency and pungent post-digestive effect cover both dosha tracks without aggravating either.
Cinnamaldehyde, smooth muscle, and the microbiome
Modern phytochemistry identifies cinnamaldehyde as the dominant active in cinnamon essential oil, with documented carminative, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial activity. Cinnamaldehyde relaxes intestinal smooth muscle, the same effect classical texts described in the Shoolahara claim, and reduces the activity of methane-producing and gas-producing organisms in the gut. The clinical effect is reduced fermentation in the colon and less cramping during the gas episode itself, the same outcome the Bhavaprakash describes through Deepana-Pachana-Shoolahara. Cinnamon also appears in the classical Trijataka aromatic group (cinnamon, cinnamon leaf, cardamom) used by the Astanga Hridaya and Sharangadhara Samhita as a digestive aromatic blend.
How to Use Cinnamon for Gas and Flatulence
For gas and flatulence, cinnamon works best as a hot decoction or tea taken after meals, paired with ginger or as part of the classical Trijataka aromatic blend. The form matters more than people expect, a pinch on a latte will not move chronic gas, but a properly simmered cinnamon-ginger tea after meals will. Use Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum / zeylanicum), not cassia, for any daily medicinal use.
Best preparation form
For everyday post-meal gas, the cinnamon-ginger tea is the classical kitchen carminative. For chronic Vata-Kapha gas with cold sluggish gut and post-meal heaviness, Trijataka powder (equal parts cinnamon, cinnamon leaf, and cardamom from the Astanga Hridaya) is the classical compound. For Kapha-pattern gas with mucusy belching and sluggish appetite, cinnamon mixed with honey and licked slowly after meals matches the classical home pattern.
Dosage and timing
| Form | Dose | Timing | Anupana (vehicle) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cinnamon-ginger tea | 1 small Ceylon stick + 1-inch fresh ginger, simmered 10 min in 2 cups water | After meals, warm | Plain or with honey added once cool |
| Trijataka powder (cinnamon + cinnamon leaf + cardamom) | 1/4 to 1/2 tsp | Twice daily, after meals | Warm water or honey |
| Cinnamon + honey paste | 1/4 tsp powder + 1 tsp honey | After meals, lick slowly | Direct, no liquid needed |
| Ceylon powder (Tvak Churna) | 1 to 3 g (1/4 to 1/2 tsp) | Before or with meals, up to twice daily | Warm water with honey |
| Spice in cooking | 1/4 to 1 tsp daily | In dals, rice dishes, curries | With food, indefinite |
Anupana and pairing for gas
For Vishtabdhajeerna (Vata-type gas with cramping and distension): cinnamon-ginger tea, warm, after meals. The ginger amplifies cinnamon's Samana Vayu regulation. For Amajeerna (Kapha-type with heaviness and mucusy belching): cinnamon with honey after meals, the honey adds its own Kapha-clearing action. For chronic Vata-Kapha gas (mixed picture with post-meal heaviness and irregular bowel): Trijataka powder twice daily with warm water. Add only once the tea has cooled to drinkable warm, never to hot liquid, since classical texts treat heated honey as Ama-generating. Pair cinnamon with chewed fennel seeds for round-the-clock support, or with a pinch of Hing in warm water before meals for acute distension.
Duration and what to expect
For acute Vishtabdhajeerna with gas after meals, expect noticeable reduction in post-meal heaviness and gas episodes within 1 to 2 weeks of consistent twice-daily cinnamon-ginger tea. For chronic Vata-Kapha Grahani-overlap gas, plan on a 4 to 8 week course of Trijataka twice daily. Maintenance is indefinite at culinary doses. Improvement in appetite and reduction in foul-smelling gas in the first 7 to 10 days signals the Deepana-Pachana action is working at the root.
Use Ceylon, not cassia
This is the single most important preparation rule. Most American grocery-store cinnamon is cassia, not the true Tvak of Ayurveda. Classical Tvak is Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum / zeylanicum), with roughly 250 times less coumarin. For short 3 to 5 day courses, either species works, but for repeated medicinal doses, Ceylon is the species the classical texts describe and the safer choice. Ceylon sticks are thin, papery, and made of many tightly rolled layers; cassia is thick, hard, hollow, and reddish-brown.
Cautions specific to gas use
Cinnamon is contraindicated in Vidagdhajeerna (Pitta-type indigestion with sour belching, burning, hot fullness, acid reflux), where its hot pungent action worsens the burn, use coriander or fennel instead. Avoid medicinal doses in pregnancy (cinnamon is mildly emmenagogue), and in active hyperacidity or peptic ulcer. Be cautious if you take anticoagulants, cinnamaldehyde has mild antiplatelet activity. Cassia at sustained therapeutic doses can stress the liver.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does cinnamon take to work for gas?
For acute post-meal gas, the cinnamon-ginger tea works within an hour of finishing the cup, the carminative cinnamaldehyde and ginger's gastric-emptying effect both act quickly. For chronic Vata-Kapha gas with cold sluggish digestion, expect noticeable reduction in post-meal heaviness and gas episodes within 1 to 2 weeks of consistent twice-daily use. Improvement in appetite and reduction in foul-smelling gas in the first 7 to 10 days signals the Deepana-Pachana action is working.
What is the best form of cinnamon for gas?
The cinnamon-ginger tea after meals is the classical kitchen carminative for everyday gas. For chronic Vata-Kapha indigestion with post-meal heaviness, the Trijataka powder (equal parts cinnamon, cinnamon leaf, and cardamom from the Astanga Hridaya) is the classical compound, taken 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon twice daily after meals. For Kapha-pattern gas with mucusy belching, cinnamon with honey licked slowly after meals matches the classical home pattern. Use Ceylon cinnamon, not cassia.
Cinnamon versus Hing for gas, which should I use?
Different roles, both work. Hing is the classical Vataghna that destroys gas at the fermentation source within minutes, the first-line acute remedy. Cinnamon works one layer upstream as a Deepana-Pachana spice that rekindles Agni so the next meal produces less fermentation. Use Hing for acute distension (a pinch in warm water before meals), use cinnamon-ginger tea after meals for ongoing carminative support. They pair well together and target slightly different stations of the gas problem.
Cinnamon versus ginger for gas, which is better?
Use both together, that is the classical cinnamon-ginger tea. Ginger is sharper and more direct, it accelerates gastric emptying and reduces fermentation time. Cinnamon is aromatic and rounded, it specifically regulates Samana Vayu, the digestive sub-dosha of Vata behind Vishtabdhajeerna gas. The combination covers both the gastric-emptying side and the Apana Vata-regulation side of the gas problem. If forced to pick one for acute use, ginger is faster; for chronic Vata-Kapha pattern, cinnamon's Shoolahara and Vatakaphaghna profile carries more.
Can I take cinnamon if I also have acidity?
No. Cinnamon is contraindicated in Vidagdhajeerna (Pitta-type indigestion with sour belching, burning, hot fullness, or acid reflux), where the hot pungent action worsens the burn. If your gas sits alongside acidity, GERD, or peptic ulcer, reach for coriander or fennel instead, both are cooling carminatives that work without aggravating Pitta. Cinnamon should also be avoided in medicinal doses during pregnancy because it is mildly emmenagogue.
Recommended: Start Cinnamon for Gas and Flatulence
If you want to start using cinnamon for gas and flatulence today, here is the simplest starting point. Cinnamon is the everyday warming carminative for the Vata-Kapha gas pattern (cold abdomen, post-meal heaviness, sluggish digestion). It is not the right tool for Pitta-type acidity-and-gas.
Best form for this pair: the classical cinnamon-ginger tea after meals. Simmer one small Ceylon cinnamon stick with a one-inch slice of fresh ginger in two cups of water for ten minutes. Sip warm after lunch and dinner. The combination addresses both the Vata-cold-stagnation arm and the Kapha-heaviness arm of the gas problem at once. Always use Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum / zeylanicum), not cassia, for daily use, the coumarin difference is 250-fold and matters at medicinal doses.
Kitchen version you can start tonight: If you do not have whole sticks, stir a quarter teaspoon of Ceylon cinnamon powder into a cup of hot water along with a thin slice of ginger and a crushed cardamom pod. Steep five minutes, strain, and sip warm after the meal. Add a teaspoon of honey only once the tea has cooled to drinkable warm, never to hot liquid, classical texts treat heated honey as Ama-generating.
Dosha fork:
- Vata-type gas (irregular, cramping, with distension and undigested food): cinnamon-ginger tea after meals, plus a pinch of Hing in warm water before meals.
- Kapha-type gas (heavy, slow, late-onset post-meal, mucusy belching): cinnamon with honey licked slowly after meals, plus a daily cup of cinnamon-Trikatu tea.
- Pitta-overlap gas (burning, sour belching, acidity, hot abdomen): skip cinnamon entirely. Use coriander-fennel-cumin tea instead.
Find Ceylon Cinnamon on Amazon ↗ Trikatu Churna ↗
Safety: avoid cinnamon in medicinal doses during pregnancy (mildly emmenagogue), and in active hyperacidity, GERD, or peptic ulcer. Be cautious if you take anticoagulants, since cinnamaldehyde has mild antiplatelet activity. Cassia at sustained therapeutic doses can stress the liver, always use Ceylon for daily use beyond a week.
Safety & Precautions
Culinary cinnamon, a pinch in coffee, a dusting on oatmeal, is essentially risk-free. The cautions below apply once you step up to therapeutic doses (1 g or more daily, especially of cassia) or to specific vulnerable populations.
The Coumarin Problem, Cassia vs Ceylon
This is the single biggest safety issue with cinnamon, and it is largely a species problem. Cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, C. aromaticum, C. burmannii) contains 5-12 mg of coumarin per teaspoon. Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) contains only about 0.02 mg per teaspoon, roughly 250 times less.
Coumarin is hepatotoxic in sensitive individuals. The European Food Safety Authority sets a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day. A 70 kg adult hits the TDI with roughly 1 teaspoon of cassia, and documented cases of reversible liver enzyme elevation have occurred in people taking 3-6 g of cassia daily for blood sugar. The EU restricts cassia-heavy products like cinnamon rolls and has effectively banned cassia as a 'regular food' at high concentrations. If you use cinnamon medicinally, at daily doses above about 1 g, always use true Ceylon cinnamon.
Bleeding and Blood Thinners
Cinnamon (especially cassia, via coumarin) can mildly reduce platelet aggregation. Classical texts note it is contraindicated in bleeding disorders. If you take warfarin, clopidogrel, aspirin, DOACs, or have a clotting disorder, don't use therapeutic cinnamon doses without medical supervision. Stop cinnamon supplements at least a week before surgery.
Blood Sugar Medications
Cinnamon genuinely lowers blood glucose. Stacked on top of metformin, sulfonylureas, or insulin, it can cause hypoglycaemia, shakiness, sweating, confusion. If you have diabetes and want to try therapeutic cinnamon, coordinate with your doctor, monitor your glucose, and expect to adjust your diabetes medication rather than just adding cinnamon on top.
Excess Pitta and Acidity
Tvak is hot and pungent. It increases Pitta. People with acid reflux, gastritis, stomach ulcers, burning sensations, skin rashes with burning, or generally overheated Pitta constitutions should use it cautiously, briefly, or not at all. If you need a digestive warmer and are Pitta-prone, cardamom and fennel are gentler alternatives.
Mouth Ulcers and Allergic Reactions
Cinnamaldehyde is a common contact allergen. Chronic mouth ulcers, tongue burning, perioral dermatitis, and gingival inflammation are well-documented reactions to frequent cinnamon exposure, classically from heavy use of cinnamon toothpaste, gum, or candy. If you develop these symptoms, stop cinnamon completely; they resolve within one to two weeks.
The Cinnamon Challenge, Genuinely Dangerous
Do not swallow a tablespoon of dry cinnamon powder. The 'cinnamon challenge' viral stunt has caused aspiration pneumonia, collapsed lungs, and in documented cases, death. The fine powder coats the airway, triggers bronchospasm, and cannot be coughed out. This is not an Ayurvedic practice and has no therapeutic rationale.
Pregnancy, Nursing, and Children
See the populations section below for detail. Short version: culinary amounts are fine; medicinal doses in pregnancy are classically avoided because of the emmenagogue action.
Drug Interactions Summary
- Anticoagulants / antiplatelets, additive bleeding risk, primarily with cassia.
- Diabetes medications, additive hypoglycaemic effect; monitor.
- Hepatotoxic drugs (methotrexate, isoniazid, high-dose acetaminophen), avoid concurrent high-dose cassia.
- CYP450 substrates, cinnamaldehyde has mild CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 interactions; generally clinically minor at culinary doses.
Other Herbs for Gas and Flatulence
See all herbs for gas and flatulence on the Gas and Flatulence page.
▶ Classical Text References (5 sources)
Meat juice (Mamsarasa) which is not very thick, Rasala (curds churned and mixed with pepper powder and sugar), Raga (syrup which is sweet, sour and salty) and Khandava (syrup which has all the tastes, prepared with many substances), Panaka panchasara, (syrup prepared with raisins (draksha), madhuka, dates (karjura), kasmarya, and parushaka fruits all in equal quantities, cooled and added with powder of cinnamon leaves, cinnamon and cardamom etc) and kept inside a fresh mud pot, along with leav
— Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan, Ritucharya adhyaya Seasonal
Trijata and Chaturjata सकेसरं चतुजातं व प ैलं प त को प ती णो णं जतकम ् । ं रोचनद पनम ् ॥१६०॥ Twak – (Cinnamon), patra (Cinnamon leaf) and Ela – (Cardamom) together are known as Trijataka and these along with kesara from the chaturjata.
— Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan, Annaswaroopa Food
Similar is the case of Anuvasana – fat enema and Matra basti – fat enema with very little oil 34-36 Anu taila जीव तीजलदे वदा जलद व से यगोपी हमं दाव व मधुक लवागु वर पु ा व ब वो पलम ् धाव यौ सरु भं ि थरे कृ महरं प ं ु ट रे णक ु ां कि ज कं कमला वलां शतगुणे द ये अ भ स वाथयेत ् ३७ तैला सं दशगण ु ं प रशो य तेन तैलं पचेत ् स ललेन दशैव वारान ् पाके पे चदशमे सममाजद ु धं न यं महागुणमुश यणुतैलमेतत ् ३८ Jivanti, Jala, Devadaru, Jalada, Twak, Sevya, Gopi (sariva), Hima, Darvi twak, Madhuka, Plava, A
— Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan, Nasya Vidhi Nasal
Source: Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan, Ritucharya adhyaya Seasonal; Annaswaroopa Food; Nasya Vidhi Nasal
Palatability enhancers: cinnamon bark, saffron, Amrataka, pomegranate, cardamom, sugar candy, honey, Matulunga, alcohol, or sour drinks.
— Charaka Samhita, Kalpa Sthana — Pharmaceutical Preparations, Chapter 7: Pharmaceutical Preparations of Shyama and Trivrita (Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya / श्यामात्रिवृत कल्प अध्याय)
Source: Charaka Samhita, Kalpa Sthana — Pharmaceutical Preparations, Chapter 7: Pharmaceutical Preparations of Shyama and Trivrita (Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya / श्यामात्रिवृत कल्प अध्याय)
Sugar candy, bamboo manna, long pepper, cardamom, cinnamon — each doubled in ratio (4:2:1:0.
— Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 8: Consumption and Wasting Disease Treatment (Rajayakshma Chikitsa / राजयक्ष्मचिकित्सितं)
Himalayan fir, black pepper, ginger, long pepper in doubling ratio (1:2:3:4), with cinnamon and cardamom at half ratio.
— Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 8: Consumption and Wasting Disease Treatment (Rajayakshma Chikitsa / राजयक्ष्मचिकित्सितं)
Milk prepared with dry ginger and daruharidra or prepared with shyama, castor root and black pepper, or prepared with cinnamon, devadaru, punarnava and dry ginger;
— Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 12: Edema Treatment (Shvayathu Chikitsa / श्वयथुचिकित्सा)
Thereafter to make it fragrant, add 20 gm powders each of tejapatra, cinnamon, cardamom, black pepper, couscous and iron bhasma and store in a pot lined with honey and ghee.
— Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 12: Edema Treatment (Shvayathu Chikitsa / श्वयथुचिकित्सा)
0 kg of jaggery and powder of trikatu and trijata (three aromatics- leaves and bark of cinnamon and cardamom).
— Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 12: Edema Treatment (Shvayathu Chikitsa / श्वयथुचिकित्सा)
Source: Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 8: Consumption and Wasting Disease Treatment (Rajayakshma Chikitsa / राजयक्ष्मचिकित्सितं); Chikitsa Sthana — Therapeutic Principles, Chapter 12: Edema Treatment (Shvayathu Chikitsa / श्वयथुचिकित्सा)
— Tvak (cinnamon — Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Patra (cinnamon leaf — Cinnamomum tamala), Maricha (black pepper), Ela (cardamom — Elettaria cardamomum) seeds, Ajaji (cumin — Cuminum cyminum), and Vamshalochana (bamboo manna — Bambusa arundinacea) should also be included.
— Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 3: Churnakalpana (Powder Preparations)
Tvak (cinnamon — Cinnamomum zeylanicum) should be one Karsha.
— Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 3: Churnakalpana (Powder Preparations)
Ela (cardamom) and Tvak (cinnamon) should each be half a Karsha.
— Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 3: Churnakalpana (Powder Preparations)
Vyosha (Trikatu), Ela (cardamom), Maricha (black pepper), and Tvak (cinnamon) each three Pala separately.
— Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 4: Gutikakalpana (Tablet/Pill Preparations)
— Trisugandha (three aromatics: cinnamon, cardamom, and cinnamon leaf) three Shana each, and jaggery twenty Karsha.
— Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 4: Gutikakalpana (Tablet/Pill Preparations)
Source: Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 3: Churnakalpana (Powder Preparations); Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 4: Gutikakalpana (Tablet/Pill Preparations)
Equal parts of sita (sugar), ajagandhaa, tvak (cinnamon), chiri, vidari, and trivrit, licked with honey and ghee, pacify thirst, burning, and fever (verse 16).
— Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 44: Virechana-dravya-vikalpa-vijnaniya Adhyaya - On Purgative Drug Preparations
In such cases the poisoned atmosphere should be purified by burning quantities of Laksha, Haridra, Ati-visha, Abhaya, Abda (Musta), Renuka, Ela, Dala (Teja-Patra), Valka (cinnamon), Kushtha and Priangu in the open ground.
— Sushruta Samhita, Kalpa Sthana, Chapter 3: Jangama-Visha-Vijnaniya
Extended Trivrit Preparations and Fermented Purgatives (Verses 16-45) Equal parts of sita (sugar), ajagandhaa, tvak (cinnamon), chiri, vidari, and trivrit, licked with honey and ghee, pacify thirst, burning, and fever (verse 16).
— Sushruta Samhita, Virechana-dravya-vikalpa-vijnaniya Adhyaya - On Purgative Drug Preparations
In such cases the poisoned atmosphere should be purified by burning quantities of Laksha, Haridra, Ati-visha, Abhaya, Abda (Musta), Renuka, Ela, Dala (Teja-Patra), Valka (cinnamon), Kushtha and Priangu in the open ground.
— Sushruta Samhita, Jangama-Visha-Vijnaniya
Source: Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 44: Virechana-dravya-vikalpa-vijnaniya Adhyaya - On Purgative Drug Preparations; Kalpa Sthana, Chapter 3: Jangama-Visha-Vijnaniya; Virechana-dravya-vikalpa-vijnaniya Adhyaya - On Purgative Drug Preparations; Jangama-Visha-Vijnaniya
Medical Disclaimer: The information on this page is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Ayurvedic treatments should be pursued under the guidance of a qualified practitioner (BAMS/MD Ayurveda). Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new treatment. Content is sourced from classical Ayurvedic texts and may not reflect the latest medical research.